Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator

Deng Pan, Nuno Moniz, Nitesh Chawla·May 29, 2024

Summary

This study addresses the trade-off between general explainability and inference speed in machine learning by introducing a model-agnostic framework that combines the strengths of existing methods and model-specific approaches. The framework uses human-comprehensible concept sets to define explanations and develops a minimal feasible set generator for real-time explanations. It focuses on deep learning models, particularly in high-stakes domains, by ensuring fast and robust explanations. The research evaluates the proposed method through comprehensive experiments, showing its effectiveness and efficiency compared to existing techniques like LIME, SHAP, and gradient-based methods. The study highlights the importance of balancing model universality and computational efficiency, with applications in image and text classification, and suggests the need for further research in addressing challenges like data privacy and model simplification for broader AI adoption.

Key findings

4

Paper digest

What problem does the paper attempt to solve? Is this a new problem?

The paper aims to address the challenge of balancing general applicability with inference speed in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) . This dilemma is not new and has been a long-standing issue in the field of XAI, where model-agnostic methods are broadly applicable but suffer from slow inference times, while model-specific methods are efficient but limited to specific model architectures . The paper proposes a novel framework that bridges the gap between these two approaches by developing a companion explainer model capable of providing real-time explanations for any machine learning model without assumptions about the model's structure .


What scientific hypothesis does this paper seek to validate?

This paper aims to validate the scientific hypothesis that by proposing a novel framework without assumptions on the prediction model’s structures, it is possible to achieve high efficiency during inference and provide real-time explanations . The study bridges the gap between model-agnostic approaches and model-specific approaches by defining explanations through human-comprehensible concepts and feasible concept sets, allowing for efficient and transparent AI applications, particularly in sectors like healthcare, while addressing challenges such as potential oversimplification of explanations and exposure of proprietary model details .


What new ideas, methods, or models does the paper propose? What are the characteristics and advantages compared to previous methods?

The paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" proposes a novel framework that aims to address the dilemma between general applicability and inference speed in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) . The framework introduces a concept of learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets to serve as companion explainers for prediction models, ensuring fast inference and real-time explanations . Unlike existing model-specific methods that are limited to specific network architectures like CNNs and Transformers, the proposed framework requires no assumptions about the prediction model's structure, achieving high efficiency during inference and enabling real-time explanations .

One key contribution of the paper is the definition of explanations through a set of human-comprehensible concepts tailored to match users' understanding levels, making explanations accessible and meaningful to diverse audiences . The framework also focuses on learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, which act as companion explainers for prediction models, ensuring fast inference and real-time explanations . By bridging the gap between model restrictions and inference speed, the paper introduces a versatile model-agnostic method applicable to both image and text classification tasks, demonstrating the practical utility and adaptability of the framework .

Furthermore, the paper validates the effectiveness of the proposed framework through comprehensive experiments, highlighting the efficiency and effectiveness of the approach . The framework enhances transparency and trust in AI applications, particularly in sectors like healthcare, aiding in debugging, bias identification, and supporting ethical AI use and regulatory compliance . The proposed method does not assume specific model structures, achieving high efficiency during inference and enabling real-time explanations, thus contributing to the advancement of explainable artificial intelligence . The proposed framework for explainability in the paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" offers several key characteristics and advantages compared to previous methods .

  1. Model-Agnostic Approach: Unlike model-specific methods that are limited to specific network architectures like CNNs and Transformers, the proposed framework is model-agnostic, making minimal assumptions about the prediction model's structure . This characteristic allows the framework to be versatile and applicable to a wide range of machine learning models, enhancing its general applicability.

  2. Real-Time Explanations: The framework focuses on learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, serving as companion explainers for prediction models and ensuring fast inference and real-time explanations . This emphasis on real-time explanations addresses the need for timely insights in practical applications, enhancing the framework's utility in time-sensitive tasks.

  3. Human-Comprehensible Concepts: Explanations are defined through a set of human-comprehensible concepts tailored to match users' understanding levels, ensuring that explanations are accessible and meaningful to diverse audiences . This characteristic enhances the interpretability of the explanations generated by the framework, making them more understandable and useful for various stakeholders.

  4. Efficiency and Effectiveness: The framework is validated through comprehensive experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness in generating explanations efficiently . By achieving high efficiency during inference and enabling real-time explanations, the proposed method overcomes the limitations of existing approaches that may be computationally intensive or restricted to specific model structures.

  5. Enhanced Transparency and Trust: The framework enhances transparency and trust in AI applications, particularly in sectors like healthcare, by aiding in debugging, bias identification, and supporting ethical AI use and regulatory compliance . These characteristics contribute to the framework's broader impact and positive implications for critical domains where model transparency is crucial.

In summary, the proposed framework stands out for its model-agnostic nature, real-time explanations, emphasis on human-comprehensible concepts, efficiency, and the potential to enhance transparency and trust in AI applications, offering a comprehensive and versatile approach to explainable artificial intelligence .


Do any related researches exist? Who are the noteworthy researchers on this topic in this field?What is the key to the solution mentioned in the paper?

Several related researches exist in the field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and model interpretability. Noteworthy researchers in this field include Yu Zhang, Peter Tiˇno, Aleš Leonardis, Ke Tang , Amina Adadi, Mohammed Berrada , Samuel Henrique Silva, Peyman Najafirad , Riccardo Miotto, Fei Wang, Shuang Wang, Xiaoqian Jiang, Joel T Dudley , Ahmet Murat Ozbayoglu, Mehmet Ugur Gudelek, Omer Berat Sezer , Sorin Grigorescu, Bogdan Trasnea, Tiberiu Cocias, Gigel Macesanu , Shahin Atakishiyev, Mohammad Salameh, Hengshuai Yao, Randy Goebel , Amitojdeep Singh, Sourya Sengupta, Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan .

The key to the solution mentioned in the paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" is the development of a framework to learn an explanation companion model capable of inferring explanations in real time for any machine learning model. This framework defines explanations through human-comprehensible concepts, proposes a method for learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, and validates the effectiveness of the framework by implementing a versatile model-agnostic method applicable to both image and text classification tasks .


How were the experiments in the paper designed?

The experiments in the paper were designed with a focus on evaluating different explanation methods for both image classification and text classification tasks . For image classification, the experiments included metrics such as Positive AUC, Negative AUC, Pixel Acc, mAP, and mIoU to assess the performance of various explanation methods . The experiments involved explaining 1000 image predictions of a pretrained ViT model and were conducted on the same machine with 8 CPU cores and 1 Nvidia A100 GPU . The evaluation results were reported in tables and figures, showcasing the performance of the proposed method compared to other explanation methods . The experiments aimed to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework by providing robust explanations while facilitating real-time inference .


What is the dataset used for quantitative evaluation? Is the code open source?

The dataset used for quantitative evaluation in the study is the SST2 dataset for sentiment analysis . The code for the proposed method is not explicitly mentioned as open source in the provided context.


Do the experiments and results in the paper provide good support for the scientific hypotheses that need to be verified? Please analyze.

The experiments and results presented in the paper provide strong support for the scientific hypotheses that needed verification. The study aimed to bridge the gap between model-agnostic approaches and model-specific approaches in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) by developing a framework for learning an explanation companion model capable of inferring explanations in real time for any machine learning model . The proposed framework defined explanations through human-comprehensible concepts and generated minimal feasible concept sets to facilitate fast inference and real-time explanations .

The experiments conducted in the paper included baselines of model-specific and model-agnostic methods for image and text classification tasks . These baselines, such as GradCAM, AttLRP, IG, RISE, and others, were evaluated using metrics like Positive AUC, Negative AUC, Pixel Acc, mAP, and mIoU to assess their performance . The results demonstrated that the proposed method consistently outperformed the baselines across all evaluation metrics, showcasing its effectiveness and efficiency in providing explanations .

Furthermore, the paper highlighted the computational resources required for explaining 1000 images for the image classification task, showing that the proposed framework achieved fast inference speed with low memory cost compared to other methods like AttLRP . This indicates that the framework not only delivers robust explanations but also does so efficiently, supporting the scientific hypotheses put forth in the study .

In conclusion, the experiments and results presented in the paper provide robust evidence to support the scientific hypotheses by demonstrating the effectiveness, efficiency, and practical utility of the proposed framework for explainable artificial intelligence in various machine learning tasks .


What are the contributions of this paper?

The paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" makes the following contributions:

  1. Definition of Explanations through Human-Comprehensible Concepts: The paper defines explanations through a set of human-comprehensible concepts, ensuring that explanations are accessible and meaningful to diverse audiences .
  2. Proposal of a Framework for Minimal Feasible Concept Sets Generation: It proposes a framework for learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, serving as a companion explainer for prediction models and enabling fast inference of explanations .
  3. Validation of the Framework: The paper validates the effectiveness of the proposed framework by implementing a versatile model-agnostic method that provides robust explanations while facilitating real-time inference, substantiated by comprehensive experiments .

What work can be continued in depth?

Further research in the field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) can be extended by focusing on the following areas:

  • Developing methods that effectively balance general applicability with inference speed in explanation models .
  • Exploring novel frameworks that do not rely on assumptions about the prediction model's structures to achieve high efficiency during inference, enabling real-time explanations .
  • Investigating the challenges related to potential oversimplification of explanations and the exposure of proprietary model details, aiming to address these issues to maximize positive impact .
  • Enhancing transparency and trust in AI applications, particularly in critical sectors like healthcare, by improving debugging, bias identification, and regulatory compliance through explainable AI methods .
  • Validating the effectiveness of frameworks that learn explanation companion models capable of providing real-time explanations for any machine learning model .
  • Conducting comprehensive experiments to highlight the efficiency and effectiveness of new approaches in XAI, ensuring robust explanations while facilitating real-time inference .
  • Addressing limitations such as reliance on training procedures that may pose challenges related to data privacy or prior data acquisition, seeking solutions to overcome these constraints .

Introduction
Background
Current challenges in explainable AI
Importance of explainability in high-stakes domains
Objective
To propose a framework for real-time explainability
Balance between general explainability and inference speed
Addressing deep learning models specifically
Method
Data Collection
Selection of deep learning models (image and text classification)
Dataset preparation for evaluation
Data Preprocessing
Preprocessing techniques for concept set generation
Handling high-dimensional data
Model-Agnostic Framework
Human-comprehensible concept sets
Minimal Feasible Set Generator (MFSG) algorithm
Integration with existing methods (LIME, SHAP, gradients)
Experiments and Evaluation
Experimental setup and methodology
Performance metrics (accuracy, speed, explainability)
Comparative analysis with existing techniques
Results and Discussion
Effectiveness of the proposed framework
Efficiency improvements over competitors
Real-time explanation generation in high-stakes scenarios
Challenges and Future Research
Data Privacy
Addressing privacy concerns in concept set generation
Anonymization techniques
Model Simplification
Simplifying complex models for better explainability
Research directions for broader AI adoption
Conclusion
Summary of key findings
Implications for practitioners and researchers
Call for further collaboration on explainable AI and efficiency trade-offs.
Basic info
papers
machine learning
artificial intelligence
Advanced features
Insights
What model-agnostic framework does the study introduce to address the trade-off between explainability and inference speed?
What is the primary focus of the study in terms of machine learning?
How does the research evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method compared to existing techniques?
In which domains does the framework particularly target deep learning models for real-time explanations?

Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator

Deng Pan, Nuno Moniz, Nitesh Chawla·May 29, 2024

Summary

This study addresses the trade-off between general explainability and inference speed in machine learning by introducing a model-agnostic framework that combines the strengths of existing methods and model-specific approaches. The framework uses human-comprehensible concept sets to define explanations and develops a minimal feasible set generator for real-time explanations. It focuses on deep learning models, particularly in high-stakes domains, by ensuring fast and robust explanations. The research evaluates the proposed method through comprehensive experiments, showing its effectiveness and efficiency compared to existing techniques like LIME, SHAP, and gradient-based methods. The study highlights the importance of balancing model universality and computational efficiency, with applications in image and text classification, and suggests the need for further research in addressing challenges like data privacy and model simplification for broader AI adoption.
Mind map
Real-time explanation generation in high-stakes scenarios
Efficiency improvements over competitors
Effectiveness of the proposed framework
Integration with existing methods (LIME, SHAP, gradients)
Minimal Feasible Set Generator (MFSG) algorithm
Human-comprehensible concept sets
Research directions for broader AI adoption
Simplifying complex models for better explainability
Anonymization techniques
Addressing privacy concerns in concept set generation
Results and Discussion
Model-Agnostic Framework
Dataset preparation for evaluation
Selection of deep learning models (image and text classification)
Addressing deep learning models specifically
Balance between general explainability and inference speed
To propose a framework for real-time explainability
Importance of explainability in high-stakes domains
Current challenges in explainable AI
Call for further collaboration on explainable AI and efficiency trade-offs.
Implications for practitioners and researchers
Summary of key findings
Model Simplification
Data Privacy
Experiments and Evaluation
Data Preprocessing
Data Collection
Objective
Background
Conclusion
Challenges and Future Research
Method
Introduction
Outline
Introduction
Background
Current challenges in explainable AI
Importance of explainability in high-stakes domains
Objective
To propose a framework for real-time explainability
Balance between general explainability and inference speed
Addressing deep learning models specifically
Method
Data Collection
Selection of deep learning models (image and text classification)
Dataset preparation for evaluation
Data Preprocessing
Preprocessing techniques for concept set generation
Handling high-dimensional data
Model-Agnostic Framework
Human-comprehensible concept sets
Minimal Feasible Set Generator (MFSG) algorithm
Integration with existing methods (LIME, SHAP, gradients)
Experiments and Evaluation
Experimental setup and methodology
Performance metrics (accuracy, speed, explainability)
Comparative analysis with existing techniques
Results and Discussion
Effectiveness of the proposed framework
Efficiency improvements over competitors
Real-time explanation generation in high-stakes scenarios
Challenges and Future Research
Data Privacy
Addressing privacy concerns in concept set generation
Anonymization techniques
Model Simplification
Simplifying complex models for better explainability
Research directions for broader AI adoption
Conclusion
Summary of key findings
Implications for practitioners and researchers
Call for further collaboration on explainable AI and efficiency trade-offs.
Key findings
4

Paper digest

What problem does the paper attempt to solve? Is this a new problem?

The paper aims to address the challenge of balancing general applicability with inference speed in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) . This dilemma is not new and has been a long-standing issue in the field of XAI, where model-agnostic methods are broadly applicable but suffer from slow inference times, while model-specific methods are efficient but limited to specific model architectures . The paper proposes a novel framework that bridges the gap between these two approaches by developing a companion explainer model capable of providing real-time explanations for any machine learning model without assumptions about the model's structure .


What scientific hypothesis does this paper seek to validate?

This paper aims to validate the scientific hypothesis that by proposing a novel framework without assumptions on the prediction model’s structures, it is possible to achieve high efficiency during inference and provide real-time explanations . The study bridges the gap between model-agnostic approaches and model-specific approaches by defining explanations through human-comprehensible concepts and feasible concept sets, allowing for efficient and transparent AI applications, particularly in sectors like healthcare, while addressing challenges such as potential oversimplification of explanations and exposure of proprietary model details .


What new ideas, methods, or models does the paper propose? What are the characteristics and advantages compared to previous methods?

The paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" proposes a novel framework that aims to address the dilemma between general applicability and inference speed in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) . The framework introduces a concept of learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets to serve as companion explainers for prediction models, ensuring fast inference and real-time explanations . Unlike existing model-specific methods that are limited to specific network architectures like CNNs and Transformers, the proposed framework requires no assumptions about the prediction model's structure, achieving high efficiency during inference and enabling real-time explanations .

One key contribution of the paper is the definition of explanations through a set of human-comprehensible concepts tailored to match users' understanding levels, making explanations accessible and meaningful to diverse audiences . The framework also focuses on learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, which act as companion explainers for prediction models, ensuring fast inference and real-time explanations . By bridging the gap between model restrictions and inference speed, the paper introduces a versatile model-agnostic method applicable to both image and text classification tasks, demonstrating the practical utility and adaptability of the framework .

Furthermore, the paper validates the effectiveness of the proposed framework through comprehensive experiments, highlighting the efficiency and effectiveness of the approach . The framework enhances transparency and trust in AI applications, particularly in sectors like healthcare, aiding in debugging, bias identification, and supporting ethical AI use and regulatory compliance . The proposed method does not assume specific model structures, achieving high efficiency during inference and enabling real-time explanations, thus contributing to the advancement of explainable artificial intelligence . The proposed framework for explainability in the paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" offers several key characteristics and advantages compared to previous methods .

  1. Model-Agnostic Approach: Unlike model-specific methods that are limited to specific network architectures like CNNs and Transformers, the proposed framework is model-agnostic, making minimal assumptions about the prediction model's structure . This characteristic allows the framework to be versatile and applicable to a wide range of machine learning models, enhancing its general applicability.

  2. Real-Time Explanations: The framework focuses on learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, serving as companion explainers for prediction models and ensuring fast inference and real-time explanations . This emphasis on real-time explanations addresses the need for timely insights in practical applications, enhancing the framework's utility in time-sensitive tasks.

  3. Human-Comprehensible Concepts: Explanations are defined through a set of human-comprehensible concepts tailored to match users' understanding levels, ensuring that explanations are accessible and meaningful to diverse audiences . This characteristic enhances the interpretability of the explanations generated by the framework, making them more understandable and useful for various stakeholders.

  4. Efficiency and Effectiveness: The framework is validated through comprehensive experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness in generating explanations efficiently . By achieving high efficiency during inference and enabling real-time explanations, the proposed method overcomes the limitations of existing approaches that may be computationally intensive or restricted to specific model structures.

  5. Enhanced Transparency and Trust: The framework enhances transparency and trust in AI applications, particularly in sectors like healthcare, by aiding in debugging, bias identification, and supporting ethical AI use and regulatory compliance . These characteristics contribute to the framework's broader impact and positive implications for critical domains where model transparency is crucial.

In summary, the proposed framework stands out for its model-agnostic nature, real-time explanations, emphasis on human-comprehensible concepts, efficiency, and the potential to enhance transparency and trust in AI applications, offering a comprehensive and versatile approach to explainable artificial intelligence .


Do any related researches exist? Who are the noteworthy researchers on this topic in this field?What is the key to the solution mentioned in the paper?

Several related researches exist in the field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and model interpretability. Noteworthy researchers in this field include Yu Zhang, Peter Tiˇno, Aleš Leonardis, Ke Tang , Amina Adadi, Mohammed Berrada , Samuel Henrique Silva, Peyman Najafirad , Riccardo Miotto, Fei Wang, Shuang Wang, Xiaoqian Jiang, Joel T Dudley , Ahmet Murat Ozbayoglu, Mehmet Ugur Gudelek, Omer Berat Sezer , Sorin Grigorescu, Bogdan Trasnea, Tiberiu Cocias, Gigel Macesanu , Shahin Atakishiyev, Mohammad Salameh, Hengshuai Yao, Randy Goebel , Amitojdeep Singh, Sourya Sengupta, Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan .

The key to the solution mentioned in the paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" is the development of a framework to learn an explanation companion model capable of inferring explanations in real time for any machine learning model. This framework defines explanations through human-comprehensible concepts, proposes a method for learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, and validates the effectiveness of the framework by implementing a versatile model-agnostic method applicable to both image and text classification tasks .


How were the experiments in the paper designed?

The experiments in the paper were designed with a focus on evaluating different explanation methods for both image classification and text classification tasks . For image classification, the experiments included metrics such as Positive AUC, Negative AUC, Pixel Acc, mAP, and mIoU to assess the performance of various explanation methods . The experiments involved explaining 1000 image predictions of a pretrained ViT model and were conducted on the same machine with 8 CPU cores and 1 Nvidia A100 GPU . The evaluation results were reported in tables and figures, showcasing the performance of the proposed method compared to other explanation methods . The experiments aimed to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework by providing robust explanations while facilitating real-time inference .


What is the dataset used for quantitative evaluation? Is the code open source?

The dataset used for quantitative evaluation in the study is the SST2 dataset for sentiment analysis . The code for the proposed method is not explicitly mentioned as open source in the provided context.


Do the experiments and results in the paper provide good support for the scientific hypotheses that need to be verified? Please analyze.

The experiments and results presented in the paper provide strong support for the scientific hypotheses that needed verification. The study aimed to bridge the gap between model-agnostic approaches and model-specific approaches in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) by developing a framework for learning an explanation companion model capable of inferring explanations in real time for any machine learning model . The proposed framework defined explanations through human-comprehensible concepts and generated minimal feasible concept sets to facilitate fast inference and real-time explanations .

The experiments conducted in the paper included baselines of model-specific and model-agnostic methods for image and text classification tasks . These baselines, such as GradCAM, AttLRP, IG, RISE, and others, were evaluated using metrics like Positive AUC, Negative AUC, Pixel Acc, mAP, and mIoU to assess their performance . The results demonstrated that the proposed method consistently outperformed the baselines across all evaluation metrics, showcasing its effectiveness and efficiency in providing explanations .

Furthermore, the paper highlighted the computational resources required for explaining 1000 images for the image classification task, showing that the proposed framework achieved fast inference speed with low memory cost compared to other methods like AttLRP . This indicates that the framework not only delivers robust explanations but also does so efficiently, supporting the scientific hypotheses put forth in the study .

In conclusion, the experiments and results presented in the paper provide robust evidence to support the scientific hypotheses by demonstrating the effectiveness, efficiency, and practical utility of the proposed framework for explainable artificial intelligence in various machine learning tasks .


What are the contributions of this paper?

The paper "Fast Explainability via Feasible Concept Sets Generator" makes the following contributions:

  1. Definition of Explanations through Human-Comprehensible Concepts: The paper defines explanations through a set of human-comprehensible concepts, ensuring that explanations are accessible and meaningful to diverse audiences .
  2. Proposal of a Framework for Minimal Feasible Concept Sets Generation: It proposes a framework for learning generators for minimal feasible concept sets, serving as a companion explainer for prediction models and enabling fast inference of explanations .
  3. Validation of the Framework: The paper validates the effectiveness of the proposed framework by implementing a versatile model-agnostic method that provides robust explanations while facilitating real-time inference, substantiated by comprehensive experiments .

What work can be continued in depth?

Further research in the field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) can be extended by focusing on the following areas:

  • Developing methods that effectively balance general applicability with inference speed in explanation models .
  • Exploring novel frameworks that do not rely on assumptions about the prediction model's structures to achieve high efficiency during inference, enabling real-time explanations .
  • Investigating the challenges related to potential oversimplification of explanations and the exposure of proprietary model details, aiming to address these issues to maximize positive impact .
  • Enhancing transparency and trust in AI applications, particularly in critical sectors like healthcare, by improving debugging, bias identification, and regulatory compliance through explainable AI methods .
  • Validating the effectiveness of frameworks that learn explanation companion models capable of providing real-time explanations for any machine learning model .
  • Conducting comprehensive experiments to highlight the efficiency and effectiveness of new approaches in XAI, ensuring robust explanations while facilitating real-time inference .
  • Addressing limitations such as reliance on training procedures that may pose challenges related to data privacy or prior data acquisition, seeking solutions to overcome these constraints .
Scan the QR code to ask more questions about the paper
© 2025 Powerdrill. All rights reserved.